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±¹Á¦ TMJ- CRANIAL ¿¬±¸È¸±¸

 

SKULL ANATOMY
  
I.  SKULL
       °ñÁ¶Á÷Àº osteoblast(forming cell, osteocytes(mature cells) osteoclast
         (remodelling cells)·Î ±¸¼ºµÇ¸ç Amorphous matrix containing collagen
         type 1 fiber, calcium, phosphate,cabonate µîÀÌ bone matrix ¿¡ Æ÷ÇÔ
         µÇ¾î bone rigidity¸¦ Á¦°øÇÑ´Ù.
         µÎ°³°ñÀº ±Ó¼ÓÀÇ »À¸¦ Æ÷ÇÔÇØ¼­ 28°³ÀÇ »À·Î ±¸¼ºµÇ°í ´ëºÎºÐÀÌ
         ºÀÇÕÀÇ ÇüÅ·Π°üÀýÀ» À̷糪 ÇϾǰñÀ» »©¸é 27°³ÀÌ´Ù.
         NeurocraniumÀº 8°³ÀÇ »À(frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, ethmoid,
         sphenoid)ÀÌ´Â µÎ°³°ñÀ» ¹ÞÃÄÁØ´Ù. Facial SkeletonÀº mandible, volmer,
         nasal, lacrimal, inferior nasal concha, palatine,zygomatic, maxilla µî
         14°³¸¦ ¸»ÇÑ´Ù.
         ÇϾǰñÀº ÃøµÎ°ñ°ú ¾Ç°üÀýÀ» ÀÌ·ç¸é¼­ µÎ°³¿¡ °ü¿©ÇÏ°í ¼³ °ñÀº
         µ¶¸³Çؼ­ µÎ °³¿¡¼­ À¯¸®µÇ¾î °æ»ó ¼³°ñÀδë (stylohyoid ligament)
         ÀÇÇØ µÎ°³¿Í ¿¬°áµÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù.  ¼³ °ñ¿¡´Â ºÎ ÀúÀÛ ±Ù ¹× ¼³ °ñÀÇ
         °íÁ¤µî¿¡ °ü°èµÇ´Â ±ÙÀ°ÀÌ ºÙ¾î ÀÖ´Ù. ÇϾǰñ, »ó¾Ç °ñ, ±¸°³ °ñÀÌ
         °ñ ±¸°­Çü¼º¿¡ °ü¿©ÇÑ´Ù. ÃøµÎ°ñÀº ÇϾǰñ°ú ´õºÒ¾î ¾Ç°ü Àý Çü¼º¿¡
         °ü¿©Çϸç Á¢Çü °ñ(sphenoid bone)Àº ÀúÀÛ±ÙÀϺΰ¡ ºÙ¾î ÀÖ´Ù.  
    
 1> BONE CLASSIFICATION
      
     
±×¸²6-1 From. Human Anatomy & Physiology by ELAINE N. Marieb
                  P. 167 ¿¡¼­ Àοë.
                  
1)   Long Bone - The length is greater than The breath.
                        Each bone consists of a shaft (Diaphysis) and two
                        ends or extremities (epiphysis) e.g. arm(humerous)
                        forearm(radius &ulna), thigh(femurs) and Leg(Tibia
                        & fibular).
                  2)  Short Bone - These bones have a cuboidal shape
                       and/or possess six surfaces. They are found only
                       in the wrist (darpus) and foot (tarsus).
                  3)  Flat Bone - Two plates of compact bone sandwich
                                       a thin, inner layer of spongy bone (diploe).
                                       The calvaria, sternum and scapula are good
                                       examples.
                  4) Irregular Bone - Facial bones and vertebrae are
                                             distinguished by their numerous
                                             projections or irregular outlines.
                  5) Pneumatic Bone - Air space containing bones are found
                                                only in the skull. EX.Frontal, sphenoid,
                                                ethmoid, and temporal bone.
                  6) Sesamoid Bone - These round or oval bones occur within
                                               tendons. The patella pisiform and small
                                               bones located between the metacarpals
                                               and proximal phalanges of the hand or
                                               metatarsals and proximal phalanges
                                               of the foot are examples.
                  7) Accessory Bone - Occasionally, an additional bone growth
                                                 center arises to form new bone on existing
                                                 adult bone.
                                                 Such bones are common in the foot.
                  8) Heterotopic Bone - Healing processes, disease, stress, and/or
                                                  age are known to n stimulate bone formation
                                                  in regions other than bone.
     
 2> CAVITY
       1) cranial cavity- brain
            2) orbital " - eye ball, access organ,
            3) nasal " - olfactory function
            4) oral " - entrance of digestive system
              1) main part
              
1.1 frontal bone
                   sphenoid bone

                  
1.2 ehtmoid bone
              2) part(anterior)
               
a) ethmoid notch
                   b) crista galli
                   c) orbital portion of frontal bone
                   d) cribriform plate
                   e) jugumsphenoidale
                   f) limbussphenoidale
       
      
±×¸² 6-2 floor cranial cavity From. Human Anatomy & Physiology
                 by ELAINE N. Marieb P. 194¿¡¼­ Àοë.
      
     ±×¸²6-3 middle of cranial cavity From. Human Anatomy & Physiology
               by ELAINE N. Marieb P. 194¿¡¼­ Àοë.
                
3)  part (middle)
                   
a) optic groove optic foramen
                        b) tuberculum sillae
                            
1.3 sillae turcica
                            
1.4 dorsum sillae
                            
1.5 hypophyseal fossa
  3>  AXIAL SKELETON
        1.5.4.1 SKULL (22-28 bones)
        
        
±×¸²6-4 From. Principles of Anatomy And Physiology by Gerard
                  J. Tortora p.169¿¡¼­ Àοë.
         
A)  NEUROCRANIUM(bone surrounding the brain,8bones)
              a) unpaired bone b) paired bone
                   
1) occiptal bone(Èĵΰñ) 1) Parietal bone(µÎÁ¤°ñ)
                        2) frontal " (ÀüµÎ°ñ) 2) Temporal bone(ÃøµÎ°ñ)
                        3) sphenoid "(Á¢Çü°ñ)
                        4) ethmoid "(»ç°ñ)
         B) FACIAL SKELETON ( front of head 14 bones)
             1) unpaired bones : vomer, Mandible
             2) paired bone : nasal, lacrimal,inferior nasal concha,palatine,
                                    zygomatic maxilla.
        C) AUDITORY OSSICLES(bone of middle ear 6bones)
             PAIRED BONE : stapes(stirrup), incus,(anvil), malleus(hammer)
    2.  HYOID BONE : body and paired greater cornuae
    3.  STERNUM- bone consist of three segments
         1) manubrium
         2) gladiolus
             
xiphoid process
 
4> FIVE REGION OF SPINAL COLUMN
      
      ±×¸²6-5 From. Human Anatomy & Physiology by ELAINE
                 N. Marieb P.205¿¡¼­ Àοë.
      
1) CERVICAL -7 bones
      2) Thoracic -12 bones
      3) Lumbar - 5 bones
      4) Sacrum - 5 fused vertebrae forming 1 bone
      5) Coccyx - 4 fused vertebral forming 1 bone
  5> CRANIAL FOSSAE
       

       
±×¸²6-6 From. Principles of Anatomy And Physiology by Gerard
                  J. Tortora p.176¿¡¼­ Àοë.
        
A. ANTERIOR CRANIAL FOSSA(ÀüµÎ °³¿Í)
             
- it is supports the frontal poles of the frontal lobes of the cerebrum
                - it is formed from the orbital plates of the frontal bone, the crista galli
                  and cribriform plates of the ethmoid bone and jugum of the sphenoid
                  bone
                - It contains the olfactory bulb, the falx cerebri, and the tentorium
                  cerebelli
                - foramina included here opening of the cribriform plate for fila olfactoria,
                  anterior&posterior ehtmmoidal foramina , foramen cecum for an emissary
                  vein
        B. MIDDLE CRANIAL FOSSA(Áß µÎ °³¿Í)
            -
Dominant contents of are temporal poles and inferior temporal surface
                  of temporal lobes of cerebrum, hypophysis, cerebri, optic chiasmata.
               - Its contain cerebellum , the pons , medulla oblongata.
               - Anterior boundary is formed by anterior clinoid process, and lesser
                  wing of sphenoid bone, posteriorly posterior clinoid process and
                  dorsum sellae of sphenoid of sphenod bone as well as superior
                  border of petrous part of temporal bone form the boarder.
              - To the sides are formed by squamae of the temporal bone, frontal
                 angles of parietal bone &greater wing of sphenoid bone.
              - The most unusual feature of the middle cranial fossa is the sella
                 turcica.
                 It is formed by clinoid(bedpost) processes anteriorly and posteriorly.
                 The "matress" of the bed is formed by the hypophyseal fossa.
              - Foramina found within the middle cranial fossa include the opening
                 for the optic canal (for the ophthalmic artery the oculomotor nerve,
                  trochlear nerve, ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve, abducens
                 nerve, and the ophthalmic veins) which open into the orbit.
              - Communicating with the pterygopalatine fossa is the foramen rotundum
                 (containing the maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve).
                 Into the infratemporal fossa open the foramen ovale (for the mandibular
                 division of the trigeminal nerve) and the foramen spinosum (for the
                 middle meningeal artery & veins and the nervus spinosus).
                 The foramen lacerum is formed from the intersection of the phenoid
                 and temporal bones. It will contain the internal carotid artery, and an
                 accompanying venous plexus and carotid sympathetic nerve plexus.
                 The last two openings from the middle cranial fossa are irregular
                 In outline, hence the term "hiatus".
                 The hiatus for the greater petrosal nerve contains a branch from the
                 facial nerve of the same name.
     C.  POSTERIOR CRANIAL FOSSA(ÈĵΠ°³¿Í)
          -
Anterior boundary is formed by the dorsal sellae ,posterior clinoid
               process of sphenoid bone, basillar part of occiptal bone.
             - To the sides are the petrous and mastoid parts of temporal bone,
                the lateral part of occipital bone , mastoid angle of the parietal
                bone.
             - The roof of fossa is formed by the tentorium cerebelli
             - It's include foramen magnum .jugular foramen, opening for condylar
               canal, opening for hypoglossal canal, opening for internal accoustic
               meatus.
              * Jugular foramen will contain glossopharyngeal nerve, vagus,nerve,
                spinal accessory nerve
             * Hypoglossal canal will contain hypoglossal nerve.
             * Condylar canal will found emissary vein, between sigmoid dural
               venous sinus.
               Internal accoustic meatus are found motor& sensory root of facial
               nerve, vestibulocochlear nerve, internal labyrinthine or internal
               artery &vein
               
              
±×¸²6-7 internal aspect of skull p.9 CIBA nervous
                      system volone

 6> FRONTAL BONE ±×¸²6-8
      
frontal boneÀÇ ÁÂ¿ì °­ÇÏ°Ô Æ¢¾î³ª¿Â ºÎºÐÀ» frontal eminence
      (ÀüµÎ °áÀý)¶ó°í ÇÏ°í ±×¹ØÀÇ ´«½çÀ§Ä¡¿¡ ÀÖ´Â °ñ À¶±â¸¦
      supercillary arch (¹Ì±Ã )À̶ó°í ÇÑ´Ù. ±×Á¿ì supercillary
      arch (¹Ì±Ã )»çÀÌÀÇ ÆòźÇÑ ºÎºÐÀ» glabella (¹Ì°£)À̶ó°í ÇÑ´Ù.
      supercillary arch (¹Ì±Ã )¾Æ·¡¿¡´Â orbit ÀÇ À§ ¸ð¼­¸®ÀÎ supraorbital
      margin(¾È¿Í»ó¿¬ )À̶ó°í ÇÑ´Ù.
      

    
±×¸²6-8 From. Human Anatomy & Physiology by ELAINE N.
                Marieb P.191¿¡¼­ Àοë.
    
a) 3 main part
        
1) frontal squamous
          2) orbital part
          3) nasal part
    b) part
       
1) frontal eminence
         2) supracillary arch
         3) zygomatic process of max
         4) grabella
         5) supra orbital margin
         6) " notch
         7) " foramen
         8) orbital part of frontal bone
   c) internal suface
      
1) sagittal sulcus
       2)crbriform plate
       3) frontal crest
       4) foramen cecum
       5) frontal sinus
       6) lacrimal fossa
 
7> OCCIPTAL BONE
      
     
±×¸²6-9 From. Human Anatomy & Physiology by ELAINE
                N. Marieb P. 191¿¡¼­ Àοë.
     
¸Ó¸®ÀÇ µÞ¸éÀº occiput(ÈĵÎ)¶ó°í Çϸç sagittal suture ¿Í lambdoidal
     suture °¡ ¸¸³ª´Â ºÎºÐÀ» lambda (ÀÎÀÚÁ¤ )À̶ó°í Çϸç occiput
     °¡±îÀÌ¿¡´Â external occipital protuberance (¿ÜÈĵÎÀ¶±â ) °¡ ÀÖ°í
     ÀÌ À¶±â¿¡¼­ Á¿ì·Î ¾Æ·¡ 2°³ÀÇ highest nuchal line(ÃÖ»óÇ×¼º)À̶ó°í
     Çϸç, galea aponeurotica (¸ð»ó°Ç¸· )°¡ ºÎÂøµÇ°í ¾Æ·¡ÀÇ °ÍÀ» sup.
     nuchal line(»óÇ×¼º)À̶ó°í ÇÑ´Ù. external occipital protuberance¿¡¼­
     °¡ÀÚ Æ¢¾î³ª¿Â ºÎºÐÀ» inion (¿Ü ÈĵÎÀ¶±âÁ¤Á¡)À̶ó ÇÑ´Ù.
     external occipital protuberance ¿¡¼­ foramen magnum À¸·Î °¡´Â À¶¼±À»
     median nuchal line À̶óÇϸç liamentum nuchae (Ç× Àδë) °¡ ºÎÂøµÇ°í
     median nuchaline line ¿¡¼­ Áß¾Ó¿¡¼­ Á¿ì·Î °¡´Â À¶¼±À» inferior
     nuchaline lineÀ̶ó ÇÑ´Ù.
     
a) 3 main part
        
1) occipital squamous
          2) condylar process
          3) basillar portion
     b) part
        
1) foramen magnum
          2) external occipital protuberance
              external occipital crest
          3) 3curved ridge -supreme nuchal line.sup.nuchal line ,inf.nuchal line,
          4) int. occipital protuberance
              int.occiptal crest
         5) vermiform fossa
         6) transverse sulcus
             sagittal sulcus
         7)  condye
              conyloid fossa
         8) hypoglossal canal
         9) jugular foramen
             jugular process
   
8> SPHENOD BONE
       - ¸Ó¸®»À ¹Ù´Ú¿¡ Áß¾Ó¿¡ À§Ä¡ÇÏ°í ³¯°³¸¦ Æí ³ªºñ¸ð¾çÀÇ »À·Î¼­ ÇüÅ´Â
           ¸Å¿ì º¹ÀâÇϸç body , lesser wing, greater wing, pterygoid process·Î
           ±¸ºÐÇÑ´Ù.
          
          
±×¸²6-10 From. Human Anatomy & Physiology by ELAINE N. Marieb
                    P.196¿¡¼­ Àοë.
      
a) main part
         
1) body(ü)- Á¢Çü  °ñÀÇ Áß¾Ó¿¡ ÇØ´çÇϰí ÀÌ ¼Ó¿¡ ºñ¾îÀÖ´Â °øµ¿Àº
                              Á¢Çü °ñµ¿ÀÌ¸ç »ó¸éÀº ¿òÇ« µé¾î°¡¼­ Turkish saddleÀ̶ó
                              Çϰí Çϼö ü¸¦ ¼ö¿ëÇÑ´Ù.
           2) lesser wing(¼ÒÀÍ) - ³ªºñÀÇ Ã˰¢¿¡ ÇØ´çÇÏ°í ¼ÒÀÍ¿¡´Â otpic
                                            nerve ¿Í opthalmic arteryÀÇ Åë·ÎÀÎ optic
                                            canal ÀÌ À־, orbit ¿Í ±³ÅëÇÑ´Ù.
              
Greater wing(´ëÀÍ )- ³ªºñÀÇ ³¯°³¿¡ ÇØ´çÇϰí greater wingÀÇ
                                               Àü³» Ãø¿¡ ÀÖ´Â ±¸¸ÛÀ» foramen rotundum
                                               (Á¤¿ø °ø)ÀÌ Åë°úÇÑ´Ù. Á¤¿ø °øÀÇ ÈÄ¿Ü ¹æ¿¡´Â
                                               foramen ovale (³­¿ø °ø )À̶ó ÇÏ°í ¿©±â¿¡
                                               mandibular nerve Åë°úÇÏ°í ±×¸®°í ³­¿ø °øÀÇ
                                               ÈÄ ¿Ü¹æ¿¡ ÀÖ´Â ±¸¸ÛÀ» foramen spinosum
                                               (±Ø °ø)À̶ó Çϰí ÇϾǽŰæÀÇ °¡ÁöÀÎ °æ¸·Áö¿Í
                                               maxillary artery ÀÇ °¡ÁöÀÎmiddle meningeal artery°¡
                                               Åë°úÇÑ´Ù.
        3) pterygoid process-³ªºñÀÇ ´Ù¸®¿¡ ÇØ´çÇϰí body¿Í greater wing»çÀÌ¿¡¼­
            ÇÏÇàÇϴ µ¹±âÀ̸ç lateral lamina of pterygoid process (Àͻ󵹱â¿ÜÃøÆÇ)
            ¿¡´Â external pterygoid muscle ÀÇ origin µÇ°í pterygoid fossa(À͵¹¿Í)¿¡´Â
            internal pterygoid muscleÀÌ origin µÈ´Ù.
     b) part
         
1) optic foramen
               optic groove
           2) hypophyseal foramen
           3) sphnoidal crest
           4) jugum sphenidale
           5) Limbus sphenidale
           6) tuberculium sillae
           7) sillae turcia
           8) hypophyseal foramen
           9) dorsum sillae
     c) WING- greater wing &lesser wing
     d) Greater wing
         
1) foramen rotundum -pierce of max.nerve
           2) foramen ovale - " of mand.Nerve
           3) foramen spinosium- ' of mid meningeal nerve
      e) pterygoid process
         
1) lateral pterygoid process
           2) medial pterygoid process
           3) pterygoid hamulus -hook like
           4) scphoid fossa
           5) pterygoid foramen
           6) greater palatine foramen
 
9> TEMPORAL BONE
     - µÎ°³ÀÇ Ãø¸é¿¡¼­ º¼ ¶§ Á¶°³²®Áú¸ð¾çÀÇ »ÀÀ̰í û°¢±â(organ of hearing)¿Í
        ÆòÇü±â°üÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù.
         
       
±×¸²6-11 Right superficial view of temporal bone From.
                  Human Anatomy & Physiology by ELAINE N. Marieb
                  P. 195¿¡¼­ Àοë.
    
a)  main part
         
1) squamous portion(ÀκÎ) - À§´Â parietal bone ¾ÕÀº sphenoid bone°ú
               °üÀýÇÑ´Ù.
           2) mastoid - ÈÄ ÇϺΠÀ§·Î¼­ mastoid process °¡ ¹ØÀ¸·Î µ¹ÃâÇÑ ºÎÀ§À̰í
               mastoid notch, mastoid foramen,mastoid process°¡ ÀÖ´Ù.
           3) petrous portion - ³»ÃøÀ¸·Î »¸Àº 3°¢Ã߸ð¾çÀÇ ºÎºÐÀ¸·Î sphenoid
               bone°ú occipital bone »çÀÌ¿¡ À§Ä¡ÇÑ´Ù.
           4) tympanic portion- squamous partÀÇ ¾Æ·¡¿Í mastoid process »çÀÌ¿¡
              À§Ä¡ÇÑ »À ÆÇÀÌ´Ù.
    b) petrous portion
        
1) posteriorly- internal auditory meatus(accoustic nerve)
          2) anteriorly- a. trigeminal impression
                                 - semilunar ganglion
                                 - gasserian ganglion
                             b.  eminencia arcuata- semicircular canal
                             c.  tegmem tympani
    c) tympanic portion - external auditory meatus
10>  FACIAL CRANIUM
       a) max. bone
       b) palatine bone
       c) zygomatic bone
       d) mand.
      
 A> Maxilla bone
            - ¾È¸éÀÇ Áß¾Ó¿¡ À§Ä¡Çϰí Á¿ì16°³ÀÇ »ó¾Ç Ä¡¾Æ¸¦ ¼ö¿ëÇϸç
               ºÎºñ °­ÀÇ ÇϳªÀÎ »ó ¾Ç µ¿À» À» ÇÔÀ¯ÇÑ´Ù.
               
               
±×¸²6-12 From. Human Anatomy & Physiology by ELAINE N. Marieb
                             P.199¿¡¼­ Àοë.
            
1> body - antrum of highmore=max.sinus
                          1) anterior surface
                              
1.  infratemporal surface
                              
2. orbital surface
                              
3. nasal surface
                              
4. max. sinus
            2> 4°³ÀÇ process
                
1) frontal process(ÀüµÎµ¹±â) - ³»¸é¿¡ ethmoidal crest¿Í conchal
                    crest°¡ ÀÖ´Ù.
                2) zygomatic(Çù°ñµ¹±â) - maxillary process¿Í °áÇÕÇÏ¿© zygomatico
                                                     maxillary suture¸¦ ¸¸µç´Ù.
                3) alveolar (Ä¡Á¶µ¹±â) - Ä¡±ÙÀÇ ¼øÃøÀ̳ª Çù ÃøÀ» ½Î°í ÀÖ´Â »À
                4) palatine (±¸°³µ¹±â) - hard palate form compose of palatine
                                                   prosess of max & horizontal process
                                                   of palatine bone
  
B> palatine bone
       - horizontal plate
         1.
 horizontal process of palatine bone ÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù.
         2.
 »ó¾Ç °ñÀÇ ÈĹ濡 À§Ä¡ÇÏ°í ¸ð¾çÀº LÀÚ ¸ð¾çÀÌ°í ±¸°­ÀÇ ÃµÀåÀ»
              ÀÌ·é´Ù.
               
               
±×¸²6-13 palatine bone From. Human Anatomy & Physiology
                             by ELAINE N. Marieb P. 199¿¡¼­ Àοë.
   C> zygomatic bone
- cheek
        - ºÒ·è Æ¢¾î³ª¿Í º¼ ºÎÀ§¸¦ ÀÌ·ç´Â »ÀÀ̰í orbitÀÇ ¿ÜÃø º®°ú ¾Æ·¡ º®ÀÇ
           ÀϺθ¦ Çü¼ºÇÑ´Ù.
        - À§´Â frontal bone, ¾ÈÂÊÀº maxillary ¿Í Á¢ÇÏ°í µÚ´Â temporal bone ÀÇ
           zygomatic process ¿Í Á¢ÇÏ¿© zygomatic archÀ» Çü¼ºÇÑ´Ù.
        - 2 fossa is temporal fossa & infra temporal fossaÀÌ´Ù.
        - 4 process°¡ ÀÖ´Ù. orbital, temporal frontal, infra orbital process °¡ ÀÖ´Ù.
    
d> mandible
        1.  external surface
             
             ±×¸²6-14 From. P.95 µÎ°æºÎ ÇØºÎÇÐ by ±è ¸í±¹.
             
a) symphysis menti
             b) mental protuberance
                 mental tubercle
                 mental foramen
             c) oblique line
             d) angle of mand.
        2.  internal surface
            
           
±×¸² 6-15 internal surface From. ATLAS OF HUMAN ANATOMY
                        by FRANK H. NETTER, M.D P.10¿¡¼­ Àοë.
           
a) genial tubercle (mental spine)
             b) digastric fossa
             c) sublingual fossa
                 submandibular fossa
             d) myohyoid line
                 myohyoid groove
             e) ramus of groove
       3. Medial surface
           
a) mandibylar fossa
           b) lingua of mand.
           c) myohyoid line from up to submandbular fossa
           d) myhyoid groove
       4.
 superior border
           
a) coronoid process
           b) condyle of mand.
           c) mandibular notch
           d) angle of mandible
           e) Ethmoid bone
               1) cribriform plate ,crista galli,foramen cecum
               2) peoendicular plate
               3) ethmoid labyninth
                  - super nasal concha
                  - middle
                  - lamina papyracea
          
           
±×¸² 6-16 internal surface From. ATLAS OF HUMAN ANATOMY
                          by FRANK H. NETTER, M.D P.10¿¡¼­ Àοë.
  11> µÎ°³°ñÀÇ 5°³ÀÇ position
        1) Norma verticalis-view form above
          2) Norma Frontalis-view from front 3) . Norma occipitalis-view form
          3) behind Norma Lateralis - view from side
          4) Norma Basalis-view from below °¡ ÀÖ´Ù
             1) Norma Verticalis
                
- Áß¿äÇÑ ±¸Á¶¹°Àº Coronal suture , Sagittal suture, Lamdoidal
                   suture, Bregma(Coronal suture¿Í sagittal suture °¡ ¸¸³ª´Â
                   ºÎºÐ), anterior fontanelle, lambda(sagittal suture¿Í lambdoid
                   sutures°ú ¸¸³ª´Â ºÎºÐ), posterior fontanelle, parietal tubercle°¡
                   ÀÖ´Ù.
          2) Norma frontalisÀÇ Áß¿äÇÑ ±¸Á¶¹°
              
frontal bone, frontal tubercle, the glabella, supercillary arches°¡
              ÀÖ´Ù.
              * 6 region of norma frontalis
                 
a) frontal region
                 b) nasal region
                 c) zygomatic region
                 d) maxillary region
                 e) orbital region
                 f) mandibular region
                     Part
                     
a) supercillary notch
                     b) grabella
                     c) supra orbital margin
                         supra orbital notch
                         supra orbital foramen
                     d) infra orbital foramen
                         infra orbital margin
                     e) zygomaatic process of frontal bone
                     f) piriform aperture
                     g) canine fossa
                     h) canine eminence
                         i) anterior nasal spine
                        ij) incisive fossa
          3) Norma Occipitalis
              
- Á߿䱸Á¶¹°Àº
                 a) external occipital protuberance, external occipital
                     crest
                 b) internal occipital protuberance, internal protuberance crest,
                 c) vermiform fossa
                 d) Eminencia cruciata °¡ ÀÖ°í, distalºÎºÐÀ» inionÀ̶ó°í
                     ºÒ¸® ¿î´Ù.
         4) Norma lateralis
             
Á߿䱸Á¶¹°Àº
              a) temporal lines
              b) temporal fossa
              c) zygomatic arch
              d) EAM
              e) mastoid notch
                  mastoid foramen
              f) styloid process
                 mastoid "
         5) Norma basalis
             
Á߿䱸Á¶¹°Àº
              a) alveolar process
              b) incisive fossa
              c) hard palate
              d) foramen stenson
 
13> SCALP
       - SCALP´Â calva¸¦ µ¤°í ÀÖ´Â soft tissue·Î¼­ superior to nuchal
          line¿¡¼­ºÎÅÍ superior orbital margin¸¦ °ÅÃļ­ zygomatic arch
          ±îÁö¸¦ ¸»ÇÑ´Ù.
       - Scalp ¿Í °ü°èÀÖ´Â nerve´Â ÁÖ·Î sensory nerve ·Î¼­ 3Â÷½Å°æÀÇ
          branch ÀÎ ¾È½Å°æÀÇ supratrochlear ¿Í supraorbital division °ú
          »ó¾Ç ½Å°æÀÇ zygomaticotemporal branch¿Í ÇϾǽŰæÀÇ
          auriculotemporal nerve, spinal nerve C2,C3ÀÇ lesser occipital
          nerve, spinal nerve C2,C3·ÎºÎÅÍ ¿À´Â greater occipital nerve,
          Motor nerve´Â temporal,zygomatic ,posterior auricular nerve
          °ÅÄ£ facial nerve branchÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ¿Â´Ù.
         
                     
±×¸²6-17 scalp Gray¡¯s antomy p.530 ¿¡¼­ Àοë
      
1) Layer of scalp
          
a) skin
          b) dense of connective tissue
          c) galea aponeurotica=Epicranium
          d) loose connective tissue-subaponeurotic layer called
              dangerous area
         e) pericranium
    2) Layer at the side of temporal head region
        
a) skin
        b) superficial fascia
        c) extrinsic muscle of ear
        d) Galea aponeurotica -occipitalis, frontalis
        e) temporalis fascia
        f) temporalis fascia
       g) pericranium
    3) Nerve supply of scalp
        a) pre - auricular nerve
            
1.  motor group-temporal br. of facial nerve
            2.  sensory group
               a. supratrochlear-ophthalmic nerve from trigeminal nerve
               b. supratrochlear- " " "
            3. zygomaticofacial -max division
            4. auriculotemporal -mand. division
         b) post auricular nerve
             
1. motor -from auricular branch of facial nerve
             2. sensory nerve
                 a. greater auricular nerve- from 2nd 3rd cervical
                 b. greater occiptal nerve -from 2nd "
                 c. lesser occiptal nerve -from 2nd 3rd
                 d. 3d occiptal nerve - 3 rd ? ?
   4) Artery of scalp
       
a) pre -auricular artery
           1. supraorbital artery from ophthalmic Artery
           2. supratrochlear " "
           3. superficial temporal artery-external carotid artery
       b) post-auricular artery
           1. post auricular artery- branch external carotid artery
           2. occipital artery
   5) Vein of scalp
       
a) pre-auricular vein
           1. supratrochlear vein
           2. supraorbital vein
           3. superficial temporal vein
       b) post -auricular vein
           post-occipital vein
                                            - The End -


    
   
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